Nā mea metala kumu o nā mea metala

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā waiwai o nā mea metala i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: ka hana hana a me ka hana hoʻohana. ʻO ka hana i kapa ʻia ʻo ke kaʻina hana e pili ana i ka hana ʻana o nā mea metala ma lalo o nā kūlana hana anuanu a wela i ka wā o ka hana ʻana o nā ʻāpana mechanical. ʻO ka maikaʻi o ke kaʻina hana o nā mea metala e hoʻoholo i kona hiki ke hoʻololi i ka hana ʻana a me ka hana ʻana i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana. Ma muli o nā kūlana hana likeʻole, heʻokoʻa hoʻi nā waiwai kaʻina hana i koiʻia, e like me ka hoʻoleiʻana i ka hana, ka weldability, forgeability, ka hana wela, kaʻokiʻana i ka hana, a me nā mea'ē aʻe. nā ʻāpana mīkini, e pili ana i nā waiwai mechanical, nā waiwai kino, nā waiwai kemika, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

I ka ʻoihana hana mīkini, hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana mechanical maʻamau i ka mahana maʻamau, ke kaomi maʻamau a me ka media corrosive ikaika ʻole, a i ka wā o ka hoʻohana ʻana, e halihali kēlā me kēia ʻāpana mechanical i nā ukana like ʻole. ʻO ka hiki i nā mea metala ke pale aku i ka pōʻino ma lalo o ka ukana i kapa ʻia nā waiwai mechanical (a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hana mechanical). ʻO nā mea mechanical o nā mea metala ke kumu nui no ka hoʻolālā a me ke koho ʻana i nā ʻāpana. Ma muli o ke ʻano o ka ukana i hoʻopili ʻia (e like me ka tension, compression, torsion, impact, cyclic load, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), ʻokoʻa hoʻi nā waiwai mechanical e pono ai no nā mea metala. ʻO nā waiwai mechanical i hoʻohana maʻamau ʻia: ka ikaika, ka plasticity, ka paʻakikī, ka paʻakikī, ka nui o ka hopena a me ka palena luhi. Kūkākūkā ʻia kēlā me kēia waiwai mechanical ma lalo nei.

1. Ka ikaika

ʻO ka ikaika e pili ana i ka hiki i kahi mea metala ke kūʻē i ka pōʻino (ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka plastic a i ʻole ka haki ʻana) ma lalo o ka ukana paʻa. Ma muli o ka hanaʻana o ka ukana ma keʻano o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa, ka hoʻopaʻaʻana, ke kuʻi, ka shearing, a me nā mea'ē aʻe, ua māheleʻia ka ikaika i ka ikaika tensile, ka ikaika compressive, ka ikaika flexural, ka ikaika shear, a me nā mea'ē aʻe. I ka hoʻohana ʻana, hoʻohana ʻia ka ikaika tensile ma ke ʻano he kuhikuhi ikaika loa.

2. Plasticity

ʻO ka plasticity e pili ana i ka hiki o kahi mea metala ke hana i ka deformation plastic (permanent deformation) me ka luku ʻole ʻia ma lalo o ka ukana.

3.Ka paakiki

ʻO ka paʻakikī ke ana o ka paʻakikī a palupalu paha o ka mea metala. I kēia manawa, ʻo ke ala maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia no ke ana ʻana i ka paʻakikī i ka hana ʻana, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka paʻakikī indentation, e hoʻohana ana i kahi indenter o kekahi ʻano geometric e kaomi i ka ʻili o ka mea metala e hoʻāʻo ʻia ma lalo o kekahi ukana, a ua ana ʻia ka waiwai paʻakikī. ma muli o ke degere o ka indentation.
ʻO nā ʻano hana maʻamau ʻo Brinell hardness (HB), Rockwell hardness (HRA, HRB, HRC) a me Vickers hardness (HV).

4. Ka luhi

ʻO ka ikaika, ka plasticity, a me ka paʻakikī i kūkākūkā ʻia ma mua, ʻo ia nā hōʻailona hana mechanical a pau o ka metala ma lalo o ka ukana paʻa. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, nui nā ʻāpana mīkini e hana ʻia ma lalo o ka hoʻouka ʻana, a hiki mai ka luhi i nā ʻāpana ma lalo o ia mau kūlana.

5. Paʻakikī paʻakikī

ʻO ka haʻawe e hana ana ma ka ʻāpana mīkini i ka wikiwiki loa i kapa ʻia ʻo ka hoʻouka hopena, a ʻo ka hiki o ke metala ke pale aku i ka pōʻino ma lalo o ka haʻahaʻa hopena i kapa ʻia ʻo ka paʻakikī hopena.