Nā ʻano mechanical kumu o nā mea metala

ʻO ka maʻamau, ua māhele ʻia nā waiwai o nā mea metala i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: ka hana hana a me ka hana hoʻohana. ʻO ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka hana hana e pili ana i ka hana o nā mea metala ma lalo o nā kūlana hana anu a wela i kuhikuhi ʻia i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana ʻana o nā ʻāpana mīkini. ʻO ke ʻano o ka hana hana o nā mea metala e hoʻoholo ai i kona hiki ke hoʻololi i ka hana ʻana a me ke kūkulu ʻana i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana. Ma muli o nā kūlana hana like ʻole, ʻokoʻa hoʻi nā waiwai hana e pono ai, e like me ka hana hoʻolei, ka hiki ke weld, ka hiki ke forge, ka hana mālama wela, ka hiki ke ʻoki ʻana i ke kaʻina hana, a pēlā aku. ʻO ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka hana e pili ana i ka hana o nā mea metala ma lalo o nā kūlana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻāpana mīkini, ʻo ia hoʻi nā waiwai mīkini, nā waiwai kino, nā waiwai kemika, a pēlā aku. ʻO ka hana o nā mea metala e hoʻoholo ai i kona laulā o ka hoʻohana a me ke ola lawelawe.

I loko o ka ʻoihana hana mīkini, hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana mīkini maʻamau i ka mahana maʻamau, ke kaomi maʻamau a me nā mea ʻino ʻole ikaika, a i ka wā e hoʻohana ai, e halihali kēlā me kēia ʻāpana mīkini i nā ukana like ʻole. ʻO ka hiki o nā mea metala ke kūʻē i ka pōʻino ma lalo o ke kaumaha ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he mau waiwai mīkini (a i ʻole nā ​​​​waiwai mīkini). ʻO nā waiwai mīkini o nā mea metala ke kumu nui no ka hoʻolālā a me ke koho ʻana i nā mea o nā ʻāpana. Ma muli o ke ʻano o ka ukana i hoʻopili ʻia (e like me ke kaomi, ka hoʻopili ʻana, ka torsion, ka hopena, ka ukana cyclic, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), e ʻokoʻa nō hoʻi nā waiwai mīkini e pono ai no nā mea metala. ʻO nā waiwai mīkini i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia: ka ikaika, ka plasticity, ka paʻakikī, ka paʻakikī, ke kū'ē ʻana i nā hopena he nui a me ka palena luhi. Ua kūkākūkā ʻokoʻa ʻia kēlā me kēia waiwai mīkini ma lalo nei.

1. Ikaika

ʻO ka ikaika e pili ana i ka hiki o kahi mea metala ke kū'ē i ka pōʻino (ka nui o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka plastic a i ʻole ka haki) ma lalo o ke kaumaha paʻa. ʻOiai ke hana nei ke kaumaha ma ke ʻano o ke kaomi ʻana, ka kūlou ʻana, ka ʻoki ʻana, a pēlā aku, ua māhele ʻia hoʻi ka ikaika i ka ikaika tensile, ka ikaika compressive, ka ikaika flexural, ka ikaika shear, a pēlā aku. He pinepine kahi pilina ma waena o nā ikaika like ʻole. I ka hoʻohana ʻana, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka ikaika tensile ma ke ʻano he helu kuhikuhi ikaika kumu loa.

2. Ka paʻakikī

ʻO ka plasticity e pili ana i ka hiki o kahi mea metala ke hana i ka deformation plastic (deformation mau) me ka ʻole o ka luku ʻia ma lalo o ke kaumaha.

3.Paʻakikī

ʻO ka paʻakikī ke ana o ke ʻano paʻakikī a palupalu paha o kahi mea metala. I kēia manawa, ʻo ke ʻano hana maʻamau no ke ana ʻana i ka paʻakikī i ka hana ʻana, ʻo ia ke ʻano paʻakikī indentation, kahi e hoʻohana ai i kahi indenter o kekahi ʻano geometric e kaomi i loko o ka ʻili o ka mea metala e hoʻāʻo ʻia ana ma lalo o kekahi ukana, a ua ana ʻia ka waiwai paʻakikī ma muli o ke kekelē o ka indentation.
ʻO nā ʻano hana i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e komo pū me ka paʻakikī Brinell (HB), ka paʻakikī Rockwell (HRA, HRB, HRC) a me ka paʻakikī Vickers (HV).

4. Luhi

ʻO ka ikaika, ka plasticity, a me ka paʻakikī i kūkākūkā ʻia ma mua, he mau hōʻailona hana mechanical ia o ka metala ma lalo o ka ukana static. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hana ʻia nā ʻāpana mīkini he nui ma lalo o ka ukana cyclic, a e loaʻa ka luhi i nā ʻāpana ma lalo o ia mau kūlana.

5. Paʻakikī hopena

ʻO ka ukana e hana ana ma ka ʻāpana mīkini ma ka wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe loa ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka ukana hopena, a ʻo ka hiki o ka metala ke kūʻē i ka pōʻino ma lalo o ka ukana hopena ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka paʻakikī o ka hopena.